Testosterone

Anabolic steroids, derivatives of testosterone, have been used illicitly and are now controlled substances. Testosterone, like many anabolic steroids, was classified as a controlled substance in 1991. Developed in the United States by Uniumed Pharmaceuticals as AndroGel, testosterone cream was FDA approved in 2000 for the treatment of testosterone deficiency, which often results in a variety of hypogonadic conditions from mood and energy to sexual dysfunctions, as well as a treatment for several injury-related conditions like those experienced by severe burn and accident victims.  A very popular form of testosterone, AndroGel is sold around the world under a couple of less popular brand/trade names most notably Testogel (manufactured in the UK by Laboratoires Besins and distributed by Bayer), Testim (manufactured in the U.S. by Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), and various generic versions often sold under the name testosterone cream or gel.
The transdermal delivery system of testosterone cream targets the same, or at least very similar bodily regions as injections and other forms of testosterone.  More specifically, maximum absorption of testosterone cream is achieved when (as with injectable testosterone) it’s administered to densely muscled bodily regions.  Since greater amounts of muscle at the point of application equates to a higher number of testosterone absorbing capillaries, testosterone can be more rapidly shuttled into the bloodstream.

Increased androgen plasma concentrations suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone (reducing endogenous testosterone), luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone by a negative-feedback mechanism. Testosterone also affects the formation of erythropoietin, the balance of calcium, and blood glucose. Androgens have a high lipid solubility, enabling them to rapidly enter cells of target tissues. Within the cells, testosterone undergoes enzymatic conversion to 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and forms a loosely bound complex with cystolic receptors. Androgen action arises from the initiation of transcription and cellular changes in the nucleus brought about by this steroid-receptor complex.

Normally, endogenous androgens stimulate RNA polymerase, resulting in an increased protein production. These proteins are responsible for normal male sexual development, including the growth and maturation of the prostate, seminal vesicle, penis, and scrotum. During puberty, androgens cause a sudden increase in growth and development of muscle, with redistribution of body fat. Changes also take place in the larynx and vocal cords, deepening the voice. Puberty is completed with beard development and growth of body hair. Fusion of the epiphyses and termination of growth is also governed by the androgens, as is the maintenance of spermatogenesis. When endogenous androgens are unavailable, use of exogenous androgens are necessary for normal male growth and development.

In serum, testosterone is bound to protein. It has a high affinity for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and a low affinity for albumin. The albumin-bound portion freely dissociates. The affinity for SHBG changes throughout life. It is high during prepuberty, declines during adolescence and adult life, then rises again in old age. The active metabolite DHT has a greater affinity for SHBG than testosterone. Elimination half-life is 10—100 minutes and is dependent on the amount of free testosterone in the plasma.

Testosterone is metabolized primarily in the liver to various 17-keto steroids. It is a substrate for hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzyme.1 Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major active metabolites, and DHT undergoes further metabolism. Testosterone activity appears to depend on formation of DHT, which binds to cytosol receptor proteins. Further metabolism of DHT takes place in reproductive tissues. About 90% of an intramuscular testosterone dose is excreted in the urine as conjugates of glucuronic and sulfuric acids. About 6% is excreted in the feces, largely unconjugated. There is considerable variation in the half-life of testosterone as reported in the literature, ranging from 10 to 100 minutes.2

Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A4, P-gp

Testosterone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and is also both transported by and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport.13

Intramuscular Route: Parenteral testosterone formulations have been developed that reduce the rate of testosterone secretion, with esters being less polar and slowly absorbed from intramuscular sites. Esters have a duration of action of 2—4 weeks following IM administration. The esters are hydrolyzed to free testosterone, which is inactivated in the liver.
Subcutaneous Route: The duration of action of testosterone subcutaneous implantable pellets (Testopel) is usually 3—4 months, but may last as long as 6 months.

Topical gels and solutions are typically flammable, therefore exposure to fire, flame, and tobacco smoking should be avoided while using any topical gel or solution formulation of testosterone.

Testosterone can stimulate the growth of cancerous tissue and is contraindicated in male patients with prostate cancer or breast cancer. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy should be treated with caution because androgen therapy may cause a worsening of the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy and may increase the risk for development of malignancy. Elderly patients and other patients with clinical or demographic characteristics that are recognized to be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer should be evaluated for the presence of prostate cancer prior to initiation of testosterone replacement therapy. In patients receiving testosterone therapy, surveillance for prostate cancer should be consistent with current practices for eugonadal men. Testosterone replacement is not indicated in geriatric patients who have age-related hypogonadism only or andropause because there is insufficient safety and efficacy information to support such use.7 Additionally, the efficacy and long-term safety of testosterone topical solution in patients over 65 years of age has not been determined due to an insufficient number of geriatric patients involved in controlled trials.8 According to the Beers Criteria, testosterone is considered a potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) for use in geriatric patients and should be avoided due to the potential for cardiac problems and its contraindication in prostate cancer. The Beers expert panel considers use for moderate to severe hypogonadism to be acceptable.9

Because of reduced drug clearance and an increased risk of drug accumulation, patients with hepatic disease or hepatic dysfunction should be prescribed testosterone with caution. In addition, edema secondary to water and sodium retention may occur during treatment with androgens. Use testosterone with caution in patients with hepatic disease; renal disease, including nephritis and nephrosis; preexisting edema; or cardiac disease, including heart failure, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction (MI), as fluid retention may aggravate these conditions. Further, the possible association between testosterone use and the increased risk of severe cardiovascular events, irrespective of pre-existing cardiac disease, is currently under investigation. An observational study in the U.S. Veteran Affairs health system included adult male patients of an average age of 60 years. Patients (n = 8709) undergoing coronary angiography with a recorded low serum testosterone concentration of < 300 ng/dl were included in the retrospective analysis. Within the larger cohort, testosterone therapy was initiated in 1223 males after a median of 531 days following coronary angiography; 7486 males did not receive testosterone therapy. Three years after coronary angiography, 25.7% of patients receiving testosterone therapy compared to 19.9% of patients not receiving therapy suffered a severe and/or fatal cardiovascular event (MI, stroke, death).10 A second observational study, investigated the incidence of acute non-fatal MI following an initial testosterone prescription in both younger (<= 55 years) and older (>= 65 years) adult males (n = 55,593). The incidence rate of MI occurring within 90 days following the initial testosterone prescription was compared to the incidence rate of MI occurring in the one year leading-up to the first prescription. Among older males, a 2-fold increase in the risk of MI was observed within the 90 day window; among younger males with a pre-existing history of cardiac disease, a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of MI was observed. In contrast, no increased risk was observed in younger males without a history of cardiac disease.11 In light of these findings, the FDA announced in early 2014 an examination into the possible link between testosterone therapy and severe cardiovascular events. The FDA has NOT concluded that FDA-approved testosterone treatment increases the risk of stroke, MI, or death. However, health care professionals are urged to carefully consider whether the benefits of treatment are likely to exceed the potential risks. The FDA will communicate their final conclusions and recommendations when the evaluation is complete.12

The treatment of hypogonadal men with testosterone esters may potentiate sleep apnea, especially in patients that have risk factors for apnea such as obesity or chronic pulmonary disease. In addition, the safety and efficacy of testosterone topical solution and intranasal gel in obese males with BMI > 35 kg/m2 has not been established.8 13

Patients receiving high doses of testosterone are at risk for polycythemia. Periodically, patients receiving testosterone should have their hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations measured to detect polycythemia.

Testosterone is contraindicated during pregnancy because of probable adverse effects on the fetus (FDA pregnancy risk category X). Women of childbearing potential who are receiving testosterone treatments should utilize adequate contraception. Because testosterone is not used during pregnancy, there should be no particular reason to administer the products to women during labor or obstetric delivery; safety and efficacy in these settings have not been established.8

Testim testosterone gel is specifically contraindicated in females; the drug is for males only; the dosage form supplies testosterone in excess of what should be prescribed to females under certain endocrine situations.14 In addition, Androgel, Androderm, Aveed, Fortesta, and Striant brand products are not indicated for use in females due to lack of controlled evaluations and/or the potential for virilizing effects.2 15 16 17 18 Female patients receiving other forms of testosterone therapy should be closely monitored for signs of virilization (deepening of the voice, hirsutism, acne, clitoromegaly, and menstrual irregularities). At high doses, virilization is common and is not prevented by concomitant use of estrogens. Some virilization may be judged to be acceptable during treatment for breast carcinoma; however, if mild virilism is evident, discontinuation of drug therapy is necessary to prevent long term virilization.7 Females should be aware that accidental exposure to some testosterone dosage forms (i.e., ointments, solutions, and gels) may occur if they come into direct contact with a treated patient. In clinical studies, within 2—12 hours of gel application by male subjects, 15-minute sessions of vigorous skin-to-skin contact with a female partner resulted in serum female testosterone levels > 2 times the female baseline values. When clothing covered the treated site on the male, the transfer of testosterone to the female was avoided. Accidental exposure to topical testosterone gel has also occurred in pediatric patients after contact between the child and the application site in treated individuals. The adverse events reported include genitalia enlargement, development of pubic hair, advanced bone age, increased libido, and aggressive behavior. Symptoms resolved in most patients when exposure to the product stopped. However, in a few patients, the genitalia enlargement and advanced bone age did not fully return to expected measurements. The FDA recommends taking precautions to minimize the potential for accidental exposure of topical testosterone products by washing hands with soap and warm water after each application, covering application site with clothing, and removing medication with soap and water when contact with another person is anticipated. In the case of direct skin-to-skin contact with the site of testosterone application, the non-treated person should wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible.8

Testosterone topical solution, transdermal patches, and gels are contraindicated in lactating women who are breast-feeding.8 2 It is recommended that other testosterone formulations be avoided during breast-feeding as well.19 7 Testosterone distribution into breast milk has not been determined; it is unclear if exposure would increase above levels normally found in human milk. Significant exposure to this androgen via breast-feeding may have adverse androgenic effects on the infant and the drug may also interfere with proper establishment of lactation in the mother.20 Historically, testosterone/androgens have been used adjunctively for lactation suppression.20Alternative methods to breast-feeding are recommended in lactating women receiving testosterone therapy.

Androgen therapy, such as testosterone, can result in loss of diabetic control and should be used with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus. Close monitoring of blood glucose is recommended.

Testosterone has induced osteolysis and should be used with caution in patients with hypercalcemia, which can be exacerbated in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Administration of testosterone undecanoate has been associated with cases of serious pulmonary oil microembolism (POME) reactions as well anaphylactoid reactions. Reported cases of POME reactions occurred during or immediately after a 1000 mg intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate. Symptoms included: cough, urge to cough, dyspnea, hyperhidrosis, throat tightening, chest pain, dizziness, and syncope. Most cases lasted a few minutes and resolved with supportive measures; however, some lasted up to several hours, and some required emergency care and/or hospitalization. When administering testosterone undecanoate, clinicians should take care to inject deeply into the gluteal muscle, avoiding intravascular injection. In addition to POME reactions, episodes of anaphylaxis, including life-threatening reactions, have also been reported following the intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate. Patients with suspected hypersensitivity reactions should not be retreated with testosterone undecanoate. After every administration, monitor patient for 30 minutes and provide appropriate medical treatment in the event of serious POME or anaphylactoid reactions. Due to the risk of serious POME and anaphylaxis reactions, testosterone undecanoate (Aveed) is only available through a restricted program called the Aveed REMS Program. Clinicians wanting to prescribe Aveed, must be certified with the REMS Program for purposes of ordering or dispensing the product. Healthcare settings must also be certified with the REMS Program and must have the resources to provide emergency medical treatment in cases of serious POME and anaphylaxis. Further information is available at www.AveedREMS.com or call 1—855—755—0494.18

Intranasal formulations of testosterone (e.g., Natesto) are not recommended for individuals with a history of nasal disorders such as nasal polyps; nasal septal perforation; nasal surgery; nasal trauma resulting in nasal fracture within the previous 6 months or nasal fracture that caused a deviated anterior nasal septum; sinus surgery or sinus disease. In addition, the safety and efficacy of intranasal testosterone has not been evaluated in individuals with mucosal inflammatory disorders such as Sjogren’s syndrome. Patients with rhinorrhea (rhinitis) who are receiving intranasal formulations of testosterone may experience decreased medication absorption secondary to nasal discharge. These patients may experience a blunted or impeded response to the intranasal medication. In clinical evaluation, serum total testosterone concentrations were decreased by 21—24% in males with symptomatic allergic rhinitis, whether treated with nasal decongestants or left untreated. Treatment with intranasal testosterone should be delayed until symptoms resolve in patients with nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, or upper respiratory infection. If severe rhinitis symptoms persist, an alternative testosterone replacement therapy is advised.13

The safety and efficacy of testosterone topical products Androgel, Axiron, Fortesta, and Testim as well as Striant buccal tablets, Natesto intranasal gel, and Aveed injectable testosterone undecenoate have not been established in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents < 18 years old.15 8 14 16 17 18 13 In addition, the safety and efficacy Depo-Testosterone injection has not be established in children < 12 years 19, and Androdem patches have not been evaluated in pediatric patients < 15 years.2 Generally, the use of testosterone in children should be undertaken only with extreme caution. Testosterone may accelerate bone maturation without stimulating compensatory linear growth, sometimes resulting in compromised adult stature. If testosterone is administered to prepubertal males, radiographic examinations of the hand and wrist should be performed every 6 months to assess the rate of bone maturation and the effect of the drug on epiphyseal centers. Once the epiphyses have closed, growth is terminated. Even after discontinuation of treatment, epiphyseal closure can be enhanced for several months. Accidental exposure to topical testosterone gel has also occurred in pediatric patients after skin to skin contact between the child and the application site in treated individuals. The adverse events reported include genitalia enlargement, development of pubic hair, advanced bone age, increased libido, and aggressive behavior. Symptoms resolved in most patients when exposure to the product stopped. However, in a few patients, the genitalia enlargement and advanced bone age did not fully return to expected measurements. The FDA recommends taking precautions to minimize the potential for accidental exposure by washing hands with soap and warm water after each application, covering application site with clothing, and removing medication with soap and water when contact with another person is anticipated. In the case of direct skin-to-skin contact with the site of testosterone application, the non-treated person should wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible.

Testosterone can increase the anticoagulant action of warfarin.23 Serious bleeding has been reported in some patients with this drug-drug interaction. Although the mechanism is unclear, testosterone may reduce procoagulant factors. Reduction of warfarin dosage may be necessary if testosterone therapy is coadministered. More frequent monitoring of INR and prothrombin time in patients taking such oral anticoagulants is recommneded, especially at the initiation and termination of androgen therapy.2 It is unclear if testosterone can augment the anticoagulant response to heparin therapy or if testosterone alters the effect of other non-coumarin oral anticoagulants in a similar manner.

Based on case reports with methyltestosterone and danazol, androgens may increase plasma concentrations of cyclosporine, leading to a greater risk of nephrotoxicity.24 2526 27

Coadministration of corticosteroids and testoterone may increase the risk of edema, especially in patients with underlying cardiac or hepatic disease. Corticosteroids with greater mineralocorticoid activity, such as fludrocortisone, may be more likely to cause edema. Administer these drugs in combination with caution.28

Goserelin 29 and leuprolide 30 inhibit steroidogenesis. Concomitant use of androgens with goserelin or leuprolide is relatively contraindicated and would defeat the purpose of goserelin or leuprolide therapy.

Androgens can increase the risk of hepatotoxicity and therefore should be used with caution when administered concomitantly with other hepatotoxic medications. Patients should be monitored closely for signs of liver damage, especially those with a history of liver disease.

Androgens may be necessary to assist in the growth response to human growth hormone, but excessive doses of androgens in prepubescent males can accelerate epiphyseal maturation.31

Androgens are known to stimulate erythropoiesis.32 Despite the fact that endogenous generation of erythropoietin is depressed in patients with chronic renal failure, other tissues besides the kidney can synthesize erythropoietin, albeit in small amounts. Concurrent administration of androgens can increase the patient’s response to epoetin alfa, reducing the amount required to treat anemia. Because adverse reactions have been associated with an abrupt increase in blood viscosity, this drug combination should be avoided, if possible. Further evaluation of this combination needs to be made.

The antiandrogenic effects of the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (i.e., dutasteride, finasteride) are antagonistic to the actions of androgens; it would be illogical for patients taking androgens to use these antiandrogenic drugs.33 34

Drug interactions with Saw palmetto, Serenoa repens have not been specifically studied or reported. Saw palmetto extracts appear to have antiandrogenic effects.35 36 The antiandrogenic effects of Saw palmetto, Serenoa repens would be expected to antagonize the actions of androgens; it would seem illogical for patients taking androgens to use this herbal supplement.

Limited data suggest that testosterone concentrations increase during fluconazole administration. It appears that fluconazole doses of 200 mg/day or greater are more likely to produce this effect than doses of 25—50 mg/day.37 The clinical significance of this interaction is unclear at this time. Although data are not available, a similar reaction may occur with voriconazole. Both fluconazole and voriconazole are inhibitors of CYP3A4, the hepatic microsomal isoenzyme responsible for metabolism of testosterone.38

Exogenously administered androgens (testosterone derivatives or anabolic steroids) have variable effects on blood glucose control in patients with diabetes mellitus. In general, low testosterone concentrations are associated with insulin resistance. Further, when hypogonadal men (with or without diabetes) are administered exogenous androgens, glycemic control typically improves as indicated by significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose concentrations and HbA1c. In one study in men with diabetes, testosterone undecenoate 120 mg PO/day for 3 months decreased HbA1c concentrations from a baseline of 10.4% to 8.6% (p < 0.05); fasting plasma glucose concentrations decreased from 8 mmol/l at baseline to 6 mmol/l (p < 0.05). Significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose concentrations did not occur in patients taking placebo.39 Similar results have been demonstrated with intramuscular testosterone 200 mg administered every 2 weeks for 3 months in hypogonadal men with diabetes.40 In healthy men, testosterone enanthate 300 mg IM/week for 6 weeks or nandrolone 300 mg/week IM for 6 weeks did not adversely affect glycemic control; however, nandrolone improved non-insulin mediated glucose disposal.41 It should be noted that some studies have shown that testosterone supplementation in hypogonadal men has no effect on glycemic control.[42] 43Conversely, the administration of large doses of anabolic steroids in power lifters decreased glucose tolerance, possibly through inducing insulin resistance.44 While data are conflicting, it would be prudent to monitor all patients with type 2 diabetes on antidiabetic agents receiving androgens for changes in glycemic control, regardless of endogenous testosterone concentrations. Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia can occur; dosage adjustments of the antidiabetic agent may be necessary.

In vitro, both genistein and daidzein inhibit 5 alpha-reductase isoenzyme II, resulting in decreased conversion of testosterone to the potent androgen 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and a subsequent reduction in testosterone-dependent tissue proliferation.45 The action is similar to that of finasteride, but is thought to be less potent. Theoretically, because the soy isoflavones appear to inhibit type II 5-alpha-reductase, the soy isoflavones may counteract the activity of the androgens.

Conivaptan is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may increase plasma concentrations of drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Testosterone is a substrate for CYP3A4 isoenzymes.38 The clinical significance of this theoretical interaction is not known.

Testosterone is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein transport.38 Ranolazine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein, and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein may increase the absorption of ranolazine.46 In addition, ranolazine inhibits CYP3A and may increase plasma concentrations of drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 such as testosterone 38.

Ambrisentan is a substrate for P-glycoprotein transport, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump.47 The inhibition of P-glycoprotein, by drugs such as testosterone 38, may lead to a decrease in the intestinal metabolism and an increase in the oral absorption of ambrisentan. If ambrisentan is coadministered with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, patients should be monitored closely for adverse effects.

Coadministration of oxyphenbutazone and testosterone may lead to elevated concentrations of oxyphenbutazone. Monitor patients for adverse effects when coadministering these drugs together.28

Testosterone cypionate has been shown to increase the clearance of propranolol in one study. Monitor patients taking testosterone and propranolol together for decreased therapeutic efficacy of propranolol.28

Coadministration of dabigatran and testosterone may result in increased dabigatran serum concentrations, and, therefore, an increased risk of adverse effects. Coadministration of dabigatran and testosterone should be avoided in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl 15—30 ml/min). Dabigatran is a substrate of P-gp; testosterone is a P-gp inhibitor.22 P-gp inhibition and renal impairment are the major independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran.48

Concomitant use of testosterone, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor,22 and afatinib, a P-gp substrate, may increase the exposure of afatinib. If the use of both agents is necessary, consider reducing the afatinib dose if the original dose is not tolerated.49

Concomitant use of intranasal testosterone (e.g., Natesto) and other intranasally administered drugs in not recommended; the drug interaction potential between these agents is unknown.13 Eighteen males with seasonal allergic rhinitis were treated with intranasal testosterone and randomized to receive oxymetazoline (30 minutes prior to intranasal testosterone) or no treatment. In general, serum total testosterone concentrations were decreased by 21—24% in males with symptomatic allergic rhinitis, due to the underlying condition. A mean decrease in AUC and Cmax (2.6% and 3.6%, respectively) for total testosterone was observed in males with symptomatic seasonal rhinitis when treated with oxymetazoline compared to untreated patients. Concomitant use of oxymetazoline does not impact the absorption of testosterone.13

This list may not include all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

In clinical evaluation of testosterone gel, gynecomastia (Testim: 1%; Androgel: 1—3%) and mastalgia (Androgel: 1—3%) were reported.15 14 Mastalgia and increased blood testosterone were reported in less than 1% of patients taking Axiron.8 Feminizing effects of testosterone are generally reversible. During exogenous administration of androgens, endogenous testosterone release is inhibited through feedback inhibition of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH). At large doses of exogenous androgens, spermatogenesis inhibition may occur through feedback inhibition of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).8 18 Similar to other testosterone therapies, decreased serum testosterone and oligospermia have been reported during post approval surveillance of testosterone topical gel.15 17

Testosterone therapy can produce libido decrease or libido increase.18 In clinical evaluation of testosterone gel (Androgel), libido decrease was reported in 1—3% of patients.15 Priapism and excessive sexual stimulation, more common in geriatric males, are generally the effect of excessive testosterone dosage. In 205 patients receiving testosterone gel (Testim 50 or 100 mg daily), spontaneous penile erection (1%) was reported.14 During post approval experience with testosterone topical gel (Fortesta), priapism as well as impotence (erectile dysfunction) were reported.17

Prostatic hypertrophy may develop during prolonged therapy with testosterone and these events are more likely to occur in elderly male patients. In 205 patients receiving testosterone gel (Testim 50 or 100 mg daily), benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH was reported in 1% of patients.14 Clinical trials for testosterone patch (Androderm) include reports of unspecified prostate abnormalities in 5% of patients.2 Prostate neoplasm was reported in fewer than 1% of patients taking Axiron.8 In addition, increases in serum PSA concentrations have been reported in clinical trials for testosterone topical solution (Axiron: 1—4%), topical gel (Fortesta: 1.3%), and intranasal gel (Natesto: 5.1—5.8%).8 17 13 In a 180 Day, Phase 3 study of testosterone gel (Androgel), prostate disorder (3—5%) including enlarged prostate, BPH, and elevated PSA were reported; testis disorder (1.9—3%) including left varicocele and slight testicular sensitivity were also reported. In 162 hypogonadal men receiving testosterone gel (Androgel) during a 3-year open-label extension trial, increases in serum PSA concentrations (defined as >= 2x baseline concentrations or any single absolute value >= 6 ng/ml) were seen in approximately 18% of patients (n = 29). The majority of these increases were seen in the first year of therapy (23/29 or 79%). Four patients had a single value >= 6 ng/ml: 2 of these patients had prostate cancer detected upon biopsy. In the same study population, enlarged prostate and urinary symptoms including nocturia, urinary hesitancy, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, urinary urgency and weak urinary stream were also reported. Finally, 1 patient reported prostate disorder requiring a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) considered possibly related to treatment by investigators.15 Dysuria and hematuria have also been reported during postmarketing surveillance of testosterone therapy. Hematuria (< 3%), prostatitis (< 3%), and polyuria (< 3%) have been reported in patients receiving Androderm.2 In patients receiving testosterone therapy, surveillance for prostate cancer (as a secondary malignancy) should be consistent with current practices for eugonadal men. Signs of acute epididymitis (e.g., pyrexia, pain in the inguinal region) and/or urinary urgency should prompt withdrawal of the drug and reevaluation of dosage.

When androgens are given to females, virilization, manifested by acne, the growth of facial hair or an unwanted excess of body hair (hirsutism), enlarged clitoris, reduced breast size, and deepening of the voice, can occur. If testosterone treatment is discontinued when these symptoms first appear, they usually subside. Dermatologic reactions reported post-approval or in < 1% of patients using testosterone gel, regardless of brand, included hirsutism. Prolonged treatment can lead to irreversible masculinity, so the benefit of treatment should be measured against the risk.15 12 18Disruption of the regular menstrual cycle secondary to testosterone-induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion can lead to amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea.1512 Testosterone is associated with teratogenesis and may cause fetal harm. Exposure of a fetus (male or female) to androgens may result in varying degrees of virilization. Care should be taken to avoid exposure to testosterone during pregnancy, including via transfer of topical forms from male to female partners.

Topical testosterone products are associated with application site skin reactions. In clinical studies with testosterone patch (Androderm), transient mild to moderate erythema was observed at the site of application in the majority of patients at some time during treatment. The overall incidence of application site reactions of any kind was 28% (10 subjects with 13 adverse reactions). Application site adverse events reported include: pruritus (17—37%), burn-like blister reaction under system (12%), erythema (< 7%), exfoliation (< 3%), vesicular rash (6%), allergic contact dermatitis to the system (4%), burning (3%), and induration (3%); general rash (unspecified) (2%) was also reported. Blisters reported during trails sometimes involved bullous rash, skin necrosis, or the development of a skin ulcer. The majority of the lesions were found in cases where the patch was placed over bony prominences or on parts of the body that may have been subject to prolonged pressure during sleep or sitting. Other dermatological reactions at the application site, occurring in <1% of patients include: bullous rash, mechanical irritation, rash (unspecified), and contamination. Chronic skin irritation resulted in 5% of patients discontinuing treatment. Mild skin irritation may be ameliorated by treatment of affected skin with over-the-counter topical hydrocortisone cream applied after transdermal system removal. Additionally, applying a small amount of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide cream to the skin under the central drug reservoir of the transdermal system has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of skin irritation. The administration of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide cream does not significantly alter transdermal absorption of testosterone from the system; ointment triamcinolone formulations should not be used for pretreatment as they may significantly reduce testosterone absorption.2Dermatological reactions seen during testosterone topical solution (Axiron) clinical trials include: application site skin irritation (7—8%), erythema (5—7%), and folliculitis (< 1%).8 Other less common adverse reactions include: general erythema (< 1%) and application site edema and warmth (reported in at least 2 patients).8 Application site reactions have also been reported for testosterone gel (Fortesta: 16.1%; Androgel: 3—5.6%; Testim: 2—4%). Other dermatological reactions reported during clinical trials with testosterone gel (Androgel) include: xerosis (1.9%), acne (1—8%), and pruritis (1.9%). Contact dermatitis was reported in 2.1% of patients treated with testosterone gel (Androgel 1.62%).50 All testosterone therapy influences the growth and secretion of the sebaceous glands, which can cause seborrhea and acne indistinguishable from acne vulgaris.2 Acne vulgaris (> 1%) was reported in a clinical evaluation of testosterone solution (Axiron).8 Alopecia resembling male pattern baldness has also occurred in patients receiving long-term therapy or excessive testosterone doses. Dermatologic reactions reported post-approval or in < 1% of patients using testosterone gel, regardless of brand, include: acne, allergic dermatitis, diaphoresis, alopecia, erythema, hair discoloration, maculopapular rash, paresthesias, pruritus, rash (unspecified), skin irritation, swelling, and xerosis.15 14 17 During clinical evaluation and post marketing surveillance, hyperhidrosis (1.3%) was reported among patients receiving testosterone undecanoate.18

The testosterone buccal mucoadhesive system can cause dental pain, such as gum or mouth irritation (9.2%), a bitter taste in the mouth (dysgeusia, 4.1%), gum pain (3.1%), gum tenderness (3.1%), gum edema (2%), or taste perversion (dysgeusia, 2%). The majority of gum-related adverse events were transient; gum irritation generally resolved in 1—8 days and gum tenderness resolved in 1—14 days. The following adverse events occurred in 1 patient during clinical trials: buccal mucosal roughening, gingivitis, gum blister, nose edema, stinging of lips, and toothache. In clinical trials, 4.1% of patients discontinued treatment due to gum or mouth-related adverse events. Gum examinations were conducted in one study to assess for gingivitis, gum edema, oral lesions, oral ulceration, or leukoplakia with no new or worsening cases of any of these anomalies reported. In two long-term extension trials, the following adverse events occurred in 1 patient each: buccal inflammation, xerostomia, gum redness, stomatitis, taste bitter/ taste perversion (dysgeusia), and toothache.16 Dysgeusia (reported as taste disorder) was reported in 1% of patients receiving testosterone gel (Testim) and judged possibly, probably, or definitely related to the study drug.14 However, dysgeusia has not been noted as a side effect with other topical or injectable testosterone products and topically applied and systemic testosterone are not recognized as a common cause of taste disturbance.51

Early exposure to pharmaceutical doses of testosterone or other androgens in pre-pubertal males can induce virilism which can be a disadvantage because it is accompanied by premature epiphyseal closure. Once the epiphyses have closed, growth is terminated. Monitoring of skeletal maturation should be undertaken at about 6-month intervals. Once the epiphyses have closed, growth is terminated. Even after discontinuation of testosterone treatment, epiphyseal closure can be enhanced for several months.15

Androgen therapy has been associated with retention of sodium, chloride, water, potassium, and inorganic phosphates.1218 Peripheral edema can occur as the result of increased fluid retention (in association with sodium chloride) and may be manifested by weight gain. These effects may be more prominent earlier in androgen therapy. If normal therapeutic testosterone doses are used in the treatment of hypogonadism, only a moderate amount of fluid retention occurs. In the treatment of patients with impaired renal function or congestive heart failure, the fluid retention is of greater significance.15 Animal models suggest the ability of testosterone to induce blood pressure increases and to alter naturesis thus affecting vasoconstriction and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Therefore, androgens may affect blood pressure; however, the current role of testosterone in blood pressure regulation is not well understood. Hypertension has been reported during clinical evaluation as well as post-approval surveillance of testosterone therapy. In clinical studies, 2.1—3% of patients receiving testosterone gel (Androgel) reported hypertension.15 50Hypertension (1%) as well as decreased diastolic pressure (1%) were reported in trials involving testosterone gel (Testim).14 Hypertension (>1%) was reported in patients using testosterone topical solution (Axiron).8 In addition to affecting blood pressure, androgens may affect the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The possible association between testosterone use and the increased risk of severe cardiovascular events, irrespective of pre-existing cardiac disease, is currently under investigation. An observational study in the U.S. Veteran Affairs health system included adult male patients of an average age of 60 years. Patients (n = 8709) undergoing coronary angiography with a recorded low serum testosterone concentration of < 300 ng/dl were included in the retrospective analysis. Within the larger cohort, testosterone therapy was initiated in 1223 males after a median of 531 days following coronary angiography; 7486 males did not receive testosterone therapy. Three years after coronary angiography, 25.7% of patients receiving testosterone therapy compared to 19.9% of patients not receiving therapy suffered a severe and/or fatal cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, death).10 A second observational study, investigated the incidence of acute non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) following an initial testosterone prescription in both younger (<= 55 years) and older (>= 65 years) adult males (n = 55,593). The incidence rate of MI occurring within 90 days following the initial testosterone prescription was compared to the incidence rate of MI occurring in the one year leading-up to the first prescription. Among older males, a 2-fold increase in the risk of MI was observed within the 90 day window; among younger males with a pre-existing history of cardiac disease, a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of MI was observed. In contrast, no increased risk was observed in younger males without a history of cardiac disease.11 In light of these findings, the FDA announced in early 2014 an examination into the possible link between testosterone therapy and severe cardiovascular events. The FDA has NOT concluded that FDA-approved testosterone treatment increases the risk of stroke, MI, or death. However, health care professionals are urged to carefully consider whether the benefits of treatment are likely to exceed the potential risks. The FDA will communicate their final conclusions and recommendations when the evaluation is complete.12

Hepatic dysfunction can occur from use of certain androgens; therefore, periodic liver function test monitoring is advised.50With use as prescribed, elevated hepatic enzymes are more likely to occur than overt jaundice or other liver dysfunction, which are rare with testosterone use in general. Adverse hepatic effects are more likely with administration 17-alpha-alkylandrogens (e.g., methyltestosterone) or with abuse of such androgenic hormones by athletes, where abuse results in liver changes consistent with fatty liver disease (steatosis) in an estimated 2.4% of individuals, even in the absence of other risk factors for fatty liver. Testosterone should be discontinued if cholestatic jaundice or hepatitis or other adverse liver dysfunction occurs. Peliosis hepatis and hepatic neoplasms occur rarely, but when they do, they are potentially life-threatening.15

Headache has been reported in several testosterone therapy trials; incidence rates of headache range from 1—6%, regardless of formulation. Some incidences of mood alterations including emotional lability (< 3%), confusion (1%), depression (1—3%), nervousness (1—3%), anxiety (> 1%), anger (> 1%), asthenia (<1%), hostility (<1%), and mood swings (1%) have also been reported across several testosterone studies.8 Abnormal dreams (Fortesta: 1.3%) and insomnia (Testim: 1%) have been reported in patients receiving testosterone gel.14 17 Hot flashes or flushing (Testim: 1%) and asthenia (Androgel: 1—3%) were also reported for patients receiving testosterone.14 15 Diarrhea (3—4%) and vomiting (3—4%) have been reported among patients receiving testosterone solution (Axiron).8 Diarrhea (< 3%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (< 3%), back pain (6%), chills (< 3%), fatigue (< 3%) have been reported in patients receiving Androderm transdermal patch.2Miscellaneous adverse reactions reported post-approval or in < 1% of patients using exogenous testosterone, regardless of formulation include: abdominal pain (cramps), abnormal renal function, appetite stimulation, asthma, dizziness, hyperglycemia, increased lacrimation, malaise, nausea, pain in extremity (musculoskeletal pain), pelvic pain, and vitreous detachment. Other miscellaneous reactions reported during post approval surveillance of testosterone undecenoate include: sudden hearing loss, tinnitus, and myalgia.18

Testosterone therapy has induced osteolysis and can exacerbate hypercalcemia. Androgen-induced hypercalcemia occurs especially in immobile patients and those with metastatic carcinoma of the breast.15 Skeletal adverse reactions reported during post approval surveillance of testosterone undecanoate included osteopenia and osteoporosis.18

Testosterone may cause undesirable changes in serum lipid profiles, including hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia. Periodic monitoring of lipid profiles may be desirable during treatment.18Observational studies in post-menopausal women, bodybuilders, and weightlifters using anabolic steroids have revealed ‘pro-atherogenic’ changes in lipid profiles, including decreases in HDL concentrations and increases in LDL concentrations. Synthetic androgens may produce a greater lowering of the HDL-C:LDL-C ratio than does testosterone. Although the implications of androgen-induced hypercholesterolemia are unclear, caution should be exercised, particularly in patients predisposed to dyslipidemia or atherosclerosis. If lipid changes are significant, dose adjustment of testosterone or lipid lowering drugs or discontinuation of testosterone treatment may be needed; individualize therapy.15 18

Testosterone has a stimulatory effect on the formation of erythropoietin. Increased erythropoiesis, especially in women, can lead to erythrocytosis, secondary polycythemia, and its complications including: dizziness, migraine, tiredness (fatigue), unusual bleeding, flushing, or redness of the skin. Patients receiving high doses of testosterone are at risk for polycythemia. In clinical evaluation of testosterone solution (Axiron), increases in red blood cell count (< 1%), hematocrit (4—7%), and hemoglobin (> 1%) were reported.8 In studies of testosterone gel (Testim), patients receiving a 100 mg dose had clinically notable increases in both hematocrit (2.8%) and hemoglobin (2.3%).14 Likewise, 2.1% of patients treated with testosterone gel (Androgel 1.62%) reported increased hematocrit or hemoglobin. In intranasal testosterone gel analysis, 4 of 306 exposed patients developed a hematocrit level > 55% (baseline: 48—51%; did not exceed 58%).13 Therefore, periodic hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations should be considered in patients receiving long-term testosterone therapy. In general, testosterone therapy has been associated with suppression of clotting factors II, V, VII, and X and bleeding in patients on concomitant anticoagulant therapy.12 GI bleeding was reported in 2% of patients receiving testosterone patch (Androderm) therapy during clinical evaluation. Hemarthrosis (< 3%) has also been reported Androderm.2 During postmarketing surveillance of testosterone gel (Testim), prolonged aPPT and PT and prolonged bleeding time were reported.14Anemia was reported in 2.5% of patients receiving testosterone gel (Androgel) during clinical evaluation.15 An increased risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with testosterone use; events have been reported during post-marketing surveillance. Discontinue treatment with testosterone in patients reporting pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the leg (DVT) or chest pain, trouble breathing, and cough (PE) and examine for possible VTE.1317 Other miscellaneous reactions reported during post approval surveillance of testosterone undecenoate include: thrombocytopenia, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoglycemia.18

Intramuscular administration of anabolic steroids can cause inflammation, erythema, urticaria, post injection pain, induration and furunculosis. Inflammation and pain at the site of insertion of testosterone implant pellets is possible. Testosterone pellets may also slough out from the insertion site, which is usually secondary to superficial implantation or aseptic technique. Patients should be observed for any signs of an injection site reaction.12 18

Few cases of anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in association with oral and injectable testosterone therapy.212 Administration of testosterone undecanoate has been associated with cases of pulmonary embolism, specifically serious pulmonary oil microembolism (POME) reactions as well anaphylactoid reactions. Reported cases of POME reactions occurred during or immediately after a 1000 mg intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate. Symptoms included: cough, urge to cough, dyspnea, hyperhidrosis, throat tightening (acute bronchospasm), chest pain, dizziness, and syncope. Most cases lasted a few minutes and resolved with supportive measures; however, some lasted up to several hours and some required emergency care and/or hospitalization. In addition to POME reactions, episodes of anaphylaxis, including life-threatening reactions, have also been reported following the intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate. Overall, 9 POME events in 8 patients and 2 events of anaphylaxis among 3556 patients treated with testosterone undecanoate were reported in 18 clinical trials; cases of both POME and anaphylaxis were also reported post-approval. Cases have occurred following initial injection as well as during later injections in the normal course of treatment. After every administration, monitor patient for 30 minutes and provide appropriate medical treatment in the event of serious POME or anaphylactoid reactions.18 Due to the risk of serious POME and anaphylaxis reactions, testosterone undecanoate (Aveed) is only available through a restricted program called the Aveed REMS Program. Clinicians wanting to prescribe Aveed, must be certified with the REMS Program for purposes of ordering or dispensing the product. Healthcare settings must also be certified with the REMS Program and must have the resources to provide emergency medical treatment in cases of serious POME and anaphylaxis. Further information is available at www.AveedREMS.com or call 1—855—755—0494.18 Transient respiratory reactions including the urge to cough, coughing fits, and respiratory distress immediately after intramuscular injection of testosterone enanthate have been reported during post-marketing surveillance. Care should be taken to ensure slow and deep gluteal muscle injection of testosterone preparations.12 Nasopharyngitis or pharyngitis (> 1 %) was reported in patients receiving testosterone topical solution (Axiron).8

The treatment of hypogonadal men with testosterone may increase the risk of sleep apnea, especially in patients with risk factors for sleep apnea, such as obesity or chronic lung disease.15 18

In clinical evaluation of intranasal testosterone gel, the following nasal adverse reactions were reported among the most common adverse events: nasopharyngitis (3.8—8.7%), rhinorrhea (3.8—7.8%), parosmia (5.8%), epistaxis (3.8—6.5%), nasal irritation or discomfort (3.8—5.9%), nasal scabbing (3.8—5.8%), nasal dryness (4.2%), nasal congestion (3.9%), and procedural pain (4.3%). Although the majority of nasal complaints were mild or moderate in severity, long-term data on nasal safety is limited. Advise patients to report any distressing nasal symptoms; if present, determine the need for further evaluation or continued treatment. Other reported respiratory adverse reactions, include: bronchitis (3.8—4.3%), upper respiratory tract infection (3.8—4.3%), and sinusitis (3.8%).13

Call your health care provider immediately if you are experiencing any signs of an allergic reaction: skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue, blue tint to skin, chest tightness, pain, difficulty breathing, wheezing, dizziness, red, swollen painful area on the leg.

11. WD Finkle, S Greenland, GK Ridgeway, et al. Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men. DOI: 10. 1371/journal.pone.0085805

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